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Market sizes and shares. Retail World, December: , to Use of packs of 30s and 35s has also declined among secondary school students—see Figure Changes in the use of tobacco among Australian secondary students: results of the prevalence study and comparisons with earlier years. White V and Hayman J. Smoking behaviours of Australian secondary school students in National Drug Strategy monograph series no.
White V and Smith G. White V and Bariola E. White V and Williams T. Guerin N and White V. Second Edition. Cancer Council Victoria, A total of All other students who did not nominate a valid FMC size are not reported on.
The proportion of secondary students smoking from packs of 30s and 35s declined by two-thirds between and These patterns may reflect two types of price minimising behaviours among students: seeking either best value per stick from larger packs or a low upfront purchase price from small packs. It is also important to consider the pricing—and size availability—of popular alternative tobacco products when examining the price of cigarettes. RYO tobacco and FM cigarettes had long been essentially taxed at the same rate, so that the tax per 0.
However, because most RYO users roll less than 0. Further, as more budget brands and smaller pouch sizes have entered the RYO market in recent years see also Figure As noted in Section Includes brands from major manufacturers only for which RRPs are consistently available.
The effect of this is two-fold. First, the gap between the price of the cheapest available RYO pouch and the cheapest FM cigarette pack i. In contrast, in , the cheapest pouch of RYO tobacco cost almost double the price of the cheapest FM cigarettes. While the cheapest RYO pouch in —a gram pouch—would have yielded substantially more cigarettes than the pack of 20 cigarettes, the upfront cost to the consumer was substantially more.
The introduction of pouches of RYO tobacco in 20 grams in and then 15 grams in has further slowed the rate of increase of the cheapest RYO pouch prices in later years, but remains just above the cost of the lowest-priced FM pack.
Second, Figure The per stick price represents the best value for the consumer, that is, the most economical option available. This can also be expressed as a ratio of 1. A smoker could afford 1. However, a smoker rolling very light 0.
The pouch size of roll-your-own tobacco products on the Australian market has shrunk considerably since Until , the RYO market was comprised entirely of pouches of 30 grams or more. Smaller pouches of 25 grams were introduced over the next 5 years—largely replacing 30 and gram pouches—followed by gram pouches, and then gram pouches in These small products have largely been introduced as new products rather than replacement products, so that the total number of RYO brand-size combinations on the market has increased from 28 to 49 from to Total does not include the number of variants e.
Working out the price of cigarettes and other tobacco products is by no means a straight-forward matter. The prices at which cigarettes are offered for sale may differ significantly from those recommended by manufacturers. Obtaining a representative sample of sale prices for even a single brand over time would be a costly exercise. Obtaining a representative sample of prices for a large number of brands is simply not feasible.
In the study by Ross and Chaloupka 17 discussed in Section The study found that consumption fell much more dramatically in response to changes in prices reported by teenagers than to changes in state-average cigarette prices. The choice of indicator for price may critically affect the outcome of research on price effects, and, as demonstrated in Section The longest-running indicator available of the actual price of cigarettes for sale in Australian shops is provided by the component of the Tobacco and Alcohol Sub-Index of the CPI that covers tobacco products.
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Canberra: ABS, Viewed 12 August The figure for is for the March and June quarters combined using Table 9. Australian Bureau of Statistics. It is evident from Figure Tobacco prices rose even between and , during which time the excise and customs duty on tobacco products was increased only in line with the CPI, indicating increased margins to manufacturers and retailers and also to state governments in GST revenue.
The last steep increase in Tobacco CPI corresponds to the implementation of annual While small retailers such as proprietors of local corner stores sell cigarettes at the recommended prices, the majority of cigarettes in Australia are sold at considerably lower prices. As well as selling single packets of cigarettes at well below the recommended prices, most supermarkets and tobacconists also sell cigarettes inmulti-pack bundles such as twin packs and cartons at a discounted rate.
In its report on the cigarette industry, the Prices Surveillance Authority noted various common forms of discounting, including lower prices for stock bought in high volumes, and the phenomenon of 'specialling' where manufacturers encourage high-volume retailers especially tobacconists and supermarkets to discount one or two of that company's brands for a week or longer periods.
An in-shop study undertaken through the period May to February by the Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer CBRC 20 indicated significant discounting of cigarettes over that period. The study surveyed the pack and carton prices of the five most popular brands of cigarettes in each state in a selection of all the major types of stores in a sample of suburbs in each major urban centre throughout Australia.
On average, cigarettes in Australia were sold at 5. Average discounting ranged from 4. Petrol stations tended to sell cigarettes at slightly higher than the recommended retail price about 0.
A similar study across major cities in Australia in —13 found significantly lower average per stick prices for FM cigarettes in supermarkets compared to other retailers. See Section These brands are even more discounted than traditional value brands and have become among the most popular brands in Australia see Section Conversely, those brands that were not discounted relative to RRP offered substantial discounts for large single packs compared to small single packs.
There were consistently small discounted sale prices for cartons of both small and large single packs relative to their respective single pack stick prices. Price segmenting with RYO tobacco has not been established elsewhere, however, the FMC brand Rothmans is considered a super-value brand and had the lowest per gram sale prices.
An alternative approach to calculating prices of tobacco products is to ask smokers what they paid for their last packet of cigarettes or smoking tobacco. While not suitable for all research purposes, such data do provide very accurate information about price as actually experienced by consumers. Studies based on interviews with US tobacco users have indicated significant recent increases in the percentages of smokers turning not just to cheaper brands, but also to cheaper forms of tobacco roll-your-own and chewing tobacco ; cartons in preference to packets; discount outlets; and, where this is convenient, duty-free and illicit tobacco products.
Technical Appendix Note: In current dollars, no adjustment has been made for inflation. The lowest prices are generally concentrated in the eastern states. Louisiana and Alabama are also among the lowest prices for cigarettes. The north Rocky Mountain States, including Idaho , Wyoming , and North Dakota , also have low prices and are geographically concentrated. In general, northern states are more likely to have higher cigarette prices than southern states.
Cigarettes are taxed on both the federal and state levels and are subject to both state and local sales tax as well. Every state also has some kind of tax on non-cigarette tobacco products. One of the main reasons for the support of increased cigarette taxes is that the increase in taxes leads to decreased smoking rates. This is especially prevalent among teenagers. Additionally, every state that has increased its cigarette tax has enjoyed substantial revenue increases.
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