When tyres have a positive or negative toe-in, they are not mounted in alignment to the vehicle, but at an angle.
Seen from the top, a negative toe-in has tyres running wider at the front than at the back — this will show wear on the inner tyre shoulder. Meanwhile, a positive toe-in runs wider at the back than at the front, leading to more wear on the outer tyre shoulder. Camber describes how the tyre is angled to the ground and on the suspension. Positive camber shows as wear on the outer tyre shoulder, while negative camber is visible as wear on the inner tyre shoulder.
While both camber and toe-in may seem like a mistake during tyre mounting, both can occur after certain driving behaviours. Always make sure to take these hindrances with care and at an appropriate angle to preserve your tyres as long as possible.
A wear focused in the middle of your tyre tread is mostly found on tyres of vehicles capable of high levels of torque. This wear is visible on tyres on the powered axle. Due to powerful acceleration, the tyre is due to rotate quicker and therefore will wear quicker in the centre.
While this cannot be prevented, you should always make sure to maintain the correct amount of tyre pressure to avoid a reduced lifetime. You can also regularly rotate your tyre positions to maintain an even wear on all four tyres. Diagonal spot wear may appear in conjunction with wear on inner and outer tyre shoulders. It usually only appears once on the tyre. To avoid this wear, the toe-in angle should be fixed by a garage.
Additionally, you should rotate tyre positions. The saw-tooth wear pattern appears during normal use, usually on tyres on the nonpowered axle. As the tyre rolls, the tread comes in contact with the ground — this is the contact patch. As it rolls further and the tread area loses contact, the single tread blocks rub against the surface before they snap back into their usual shape.
The saw-tooth pattern refers to how the tread blocks are more worn on the back edge in relation to tyre rotation than on the front. Should the wear be more conspicuous, it is advisable to have the tyre and its mounting checked. The most common cause for accidents and damaged tyres is the wrong tyre pressure. Often the tyres are underinflated because they are not checked regularly.
However, maintaining the right tyre pressure constantly is the best way to get the most out of your tyre, drive safely and save money. Having an underinflated tyre with a small amount of pressure below advised leads to a reduced steering response, less directional stability, cost-efficiency, and durability. Should the pressure fall even further, the tyre may overheat. As a result, the tyre structure is damaged or may fail completely.
A flat tyre on the motorway or anywhere else can have multiple reasons. These can all be boiled down to three types of damages: cuts, breaks, and punctures. Donkeys years ago I was driving from Edinburgh to Glasgow in heavy snow on the M8. A young lad in a Vauxhall Viva overtook me and as he tried to get back into lane one he lost it and went straight over the hard shoulder and disappeared down an embankment. I stopped and went to look for him. His car was upside down but he was OK. I took him to Harthill services and gave him a fiver in change for phone calls.
I must have given him my details because some weeks later I got a thank you letter. Never saw the fiver again though Yes, I would change a tyre, but if it were safe or possible I would drive slowly along the hard shoulder to find a safer place to do it e. Some european motorways sensibly have wider refuges along the hard shoulder to assist in this respect.
It only takes one person not paying attention or or their phone! You may have all the common sense in the world to deal with a situation but when someone else is behind the wheel of another vehicle it becomes a whole new ball game Reply Report as offensive Link. Ok lets say i stop and remove the offending wheel and the spare tyre is bald illegal am i in the wrong to fit this to your car? You would be in the wrong to drive this car.
If the jack slipped would your insurance pay me for injury compensation i doubt it. Yes id stop and help if she was gorgeous! Wouldn't have given that a thought coming from a time and place where such things never crossed our minds. Correct GB. Sometimes I hate the modern world Everyone agrees that a flat tyre is a legitimate reason for stopping.
What you do having stopped is irelevant. It would not be an offence to eat your packed lunch while waiting at the roadside for the AA, nor to disappear behind some bushes, change a baby's nappy, do yoga, make a phone call.
Yet all of those would be illegal if they were the reason for stopping. So what would the offence be if you changed a tyre? I'd always call a breakdown service on a motorway so that their vehicle complete with large flashing lights protects me from other traffic I'm sorry, I just don't buy that argument. Flashing lights and hi-viz vests aplenty doesn't help anyone if you haven't been seen at all.
You can see by the fact that police and HA keep adding ever more numbers of reflective strips and flashing lights of various mind bending patterns, that people just don't see them. So they keep adding more, and people still don't see them Let's face it, if you're alert and looking ahead, regular hazard lights are quite visible enough to any driver with the required standard of vision.
Best to minimize time spent at the side of the road full stop I reckon. But as always, particular circumstances dictate the best approach at the time. Agree with jc2! Plus another thought - a few years ago, when the osr deflated suddenly, I called the breakdown services out for same reasons - glad I did, the alloy had stuck to the hub. I would not have wanted to have had to try putting bolts back in loose, letting off the jack, possibly moving car to break the wheel free, then starting over again, with my backside by the white line Not sure if changing a wheel on the motorway is illegal as such, but it is definitely in contravention of the Highway Code Rule relating to breakdowns and incidents on Motorways "do not put yourself in danger by attempting even simple repairs" www.
So you would be found at fault in the event of any incident. I would be happy to change a wheel in normal circumstances but would definitely call the AA if it needed doing on a motorway. Not sure if changing a wheel on the motorway is illegal as such but it is definitely in contravention of the Highway Code Rule relating to breakdowns and incidents on Motorways "do not put yourself in danger by attempting even simple repairs" Hmm, I repeat myself: "Only change the tyre if you can do so without putting yourself or others at risk?
Whether changing a tyre is classified as a repair or not, is open to interpretation. I say no. I believe they're trying to stop people from tinkering with faulty cars at the side of the motorway, which is sensible. As long is you are not in danger, then no problem for changing a tyre, IMHO. I'd change it myself. I always ensure that the pressure in the full size spare is above that required for those in use so all I would have to do is let out a bit of air to get the right pressure.
I've changed a wheel on the hard shoulder of the A1 near Doncaster and the traffic on there is often as much as on a motorway. Yes I would change it myself. Of those who would wait for the AA etc how many would just sit in the car and how many would get everyone out of the car and as far away from the carriageway as possible? Indeed, especially if it's -5 outside, snowing and you have two young children with you? I wouldn't want them sat outside for 2 hours nor sat in the car on the hard shoulder.
Changing the tyre yourself has to be the best option. This is a good argument for practising changing the tyre in safe conditions so that you have confidence to do it when you're under pressure. No, I would call out a Breakdown Service. Also, with all their hi-vis vests they stand out more then you would ever do so at night, combined with the van with reflective strips and flashing lights should help dozy drivers know that something is happening up ahead.
How many honestly know how to change the spare wheel? It seems a lot want to get help on here to do something of a very basic procedure. Good argument above -5 kids in car and wife moaning bet they would do it, i like that! Changing a wheel should be made part of the driving test. And against the clock would make it even more realistic! That's because doing a basic procedure in a dangerous situation is still dangerous, and having a flipping great van with lights all over it to protect you to a degree seemed like a good idea to me, for one.
Pity about the 2 hour wait The one upside in my case, given that it was plus 1C when this happened with SWMBO's Zafira, is that the kids realised it was actually a good idea to take a coat when you go out in a car, even if you're not intending to get out during the journey. Me thinks some are just bone idle You can get killed crossing the road falling off a ladder eaten by a shark What the pfd has that got to do with anything?
From a personal point of view wating half an hour that turned out to be two hours was less risky then crouching in lane 1 of a totally unlit 70mph dual carriageway changing a wheel.
Scary - doing it on the hard shoulder is one thing, doing it on a dark carriageway is another. Yeah, not a situation I want to be in again! I'd still gets the folks woith the flashing lights out on a hard shoulder though, unless there was very good visibility and I could get the car into a relatively safe position. I'll get over it :- Reply Report as offensive Link.
The simple reason is that they are trained to deal with what is in effect a very dangourous situation, and park their van according to act as a barrier But.. All the flashing lights in the world won't make a scrap of difference You can't take all risks out of life, and the chances of being hit are extremely remote, but you use your loaf and minimise them if you can As said above, i want to be gone from the hard shoulder in the shortest time possible.
Breakdown trucks do get hit So far as insurance with jacking up somebody else's car is concerned However, I am not over happy about who would pay for the damage to their car. Surely the perfect place is about yards behind the stricken vehicle lights flashing.
Problem being MM is that they using compressed air form their van to operate everything including the jack. Airlines not always long enough, car transporters probably the longest of normal trucks, on B'ham M6 section the tyre breakdown chap had to drive his van partly up the back of my truck so his airline could reach the front wheels I have no confidence in my own ability to change a tyre and indeed have never done it.
I can see the principle and could probably do it but for me it is something like going on a rollercoaster: fine if it takes your fancy but not for me unless there is no alternative.
It's what I pay my breakdown insurance for. I used to like the knock off spinners on the wire wheels of my old MG Midget. You didn't need a wheelbrace just a rubber mallet. Very easy to change a wheel quickly. Would you fix a flat tyre with Tyreweld on a motorway, or call a breakdown man to do it for you? If the 1 minute it takes to use Tyreweld is an acceptable risk, but 5 mins to change a wheel isn't, where, in between 1 and 5 minutes, is the cut-off point?
Do you apply the same fine shades of risk assessment in the remainder of your life? The longer you remain in a risky situation, the more likely the risk to occur, Reply Report as offensive Link. The following press release from the Highways Agency emphasises the dangers on the hard shoulder. Luckily the driver had followed vital advice and was out of the car and behind the safety barrier before it was struck between junctions 15 and Jon Caldwell continued: "If your vehicle breaks down on the motorway Do not try even the simplest of repairs seems to me to be the best advice.
Let the professionals do the job. Changing an offside wheel is particularly hazardous however quick you might be. I suppose we should all be grateful for these safety people. We now have safety officers, safety cameras, safety belts, health and safety I've never felt so safe. In fact it's amazing we survived at all. We mustn't have realised just how much danger we were in. Or maybe most of us just took a bit of care when required and used a modicum of common sense? Unfortunately people these days are so mollycoddled that sense is no longer common.
Initially I thought Yes I would It would depend on many things, offside or nearside wheel, how busy is the motorway, is it daylight or night time and is there someone else in the car who could act as a lookout Its not a question that I can't do it, its a question of whether its prudent and safe to do it New Judge. Totally agree with Panic's answer and I think we should all carry Hi- viz vests in our cars nowadays.
New Judge, have you actually experienced hard shoulder running? It works well. As others have indicated, it's perfectly legal to change your own wheel on the hard shoulder of a motorway. In practice it would be wisest to use the emergency phones to notify the operator of your intention.
You would normally find that a police vehicle or a Highways Agency 'incident support vehicle' would arrive within a few minutes and park behind your vehicle, lit up like Blackpool illuminations! Hi Vis vests are not recommended for motorway use. You should always use a Hi Vis jacket as they have reflective strips at the wrist. Do you know the answer?
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